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Modalverben
Modal verbs express ability, permission, necessity, or desire. They're used with another verb in infinitive form. German has 6 main modal verbs, and they're irregular!
The 6 German modal verbs:
1. können - can, to be able to 2. müssen - must, to have to 3. wollen - to want to 4. dürfen - to be allowed to, may 5. sollen - should, ought to 6. mögen - to like (also: möchten = would like)
Structure: Modal verb (conjugated) + ... + infinitive (at end)
Ich kann Deutsch sprechen. (I can speak German.)
Expresses ability or possibility
Examples:
Expresses necessity or obligation
Examples:
Expresses desire or intention
Examples:
Expresses permission
Examples:
Expresses recommendation or duty
Examples:
'mögen' = to like, 'möchten' = would like (more polite)
Examples:
🇩🇪 Ich kann Deutsch sprechen.
🇬🇧 I can speak German.
💡 können + infinitive at end
Context: Ability
🇩🇪 Du musst zur Schule gehen.
🇬🇧 You must go to school.
💡 müssen + infinitive at end
Context: Obligation
🇩🇪 Wir wollen ins Kino gehen.
🇬🇧 We want to go to the cinema.
💡 wollen + infinitive at end
Context: Desire
🇩🇪 Darf ich hier sitzen?
🇬🇧 May I sit here?
💡 dürfen for permission
Context: Asking permission politely
With modal verbs, the main verb (infinitive) always jumps to the end of the sentence.
They change their stem vowel: können → ich kann (not 'könne'), müssen → ich muss
In restaurants/shops, use 'Ich möchte...' not 'Ich will...' (sounds demanding!)
Forgetting infinitive at end
Don't say 'Ich kann sprechen Deutsch'. Say 'Ich kann Deutsch sprechen'.
Using 'wollen' when 'möchten' is better
In polite situations, say 'Ich möchte' (I would like) instead of 'Ich will' (I want).
Ich muss heute arbeiten.
I have to work today.
📚 muss (conjugated modal) + arbeiten (infinitive at end)
Kannst du mir helfen?
Can you help me?
📚 kannst (modal in 2nd position) + helfen (infinitive at end)